The randomization sequence was performed by generating an equally proportionate binary code, assigning numeric as 0 and emoji as 1. To minimize bias, we randomized patients to 1 of 2 groups, rating pain on the emoji-based scale first or numeric rating scale first. The numeric rating scale ranged from 0 to 10. The emoji-based pain scale was composed of 6 icons ( Figure) modeled after the extensively studied and validated Wong-Baker FACES Scale. Patients were surveyed regardless of presence of pain. A convenience sample was used, and no patient refused the survey. Ethnicity was assessed as Hispanic/Latinx or non-Hispanic/non-Latinx. Race categories were African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, White, and other (any race not listed). Patients’ race and ethnicity were taken from electronic medical records to account for participant diversity. The study was approved by the Mass General Brigham institutional review board and verbal informed consent was obtained from patients. To establish the validity of an emoji-based pain scale, we surveyed patients admitted to the emergency department or surgical units at Massachusetts General Hospital from October 2021 to January 2022. Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.
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